Birds

The avifauna of Pantepui is an extraordinary assemblage characterized by high endemism, which likely originated through complex ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, we define this biogeographic province in terms of its unique avifauna, shared by a number of isolated mountains that distinguishes it from the surrounding lowlands, and comment on the geographical limits of the region. An endemism as high as 75% (considering both species and subspecies) characterizes the Pantepui avifauna, with most species widely distributed and few present in one or a few tepuis. We discuss the patterns of distribution and endemism of its avifauna and provide a biogeographic perspective on the processes that have potentially generated the current patterns of diversity and endemism. Though ecological factors likely influence current patterns of diversity, a signature of the historical process on the current composition and distribution of birds in the region is indicated by recent molecular studies. Finally, we discuss major lines of inquiry that may inspire future research endeavors and summarize the conservation issues that may be faced by the avifauna of the Pantepui.