From Waste to Worth: Transforming Ecuadorian Biomass into Sustainable Solutions through Modified Hydrothermal Carbonization and Bioproducts Extraction Processes

Waste management has emerged as one of the most significant challenges in the contemporary era. The transition from linear processes to entirely circular systems is frequently impeded by the absence of appropriate valorization and refinement methodologies for by-products derived from industrial activities, particularly those of agro-industrial origin. Defining potential applications and utilizations of these residual materials is indeed crucial to facilitate the transformation of the economy into a more environmentally sustainable model. Our research group (GICAS) has been engaged for several years in investigating potential applications of various residual materials available in the Ecuadorian context, ranging from the established rice husks to invasive species such as Galapagos Islands Blackberry bushes. We employ hydrothermal carbonization methodology (HTC) with diverse solvent matrices to explore the behavioral characteristics of the reformed organic materials. The characterization protocol incorporates FTIR analysis, XRD, GC chromatography, SEM, quantification of major and minor elements utilizing ICP-OES, and, where electrical properties are of interest, semiconductor analyzers or multimeters for evaluation purposes. Investigations regarding agricultural applications, including fertilizers and environmentally benign pesticides, are being conducted and evaluated, alongside the pursuit of novel semiconductive HTC-based materials with feasible applications such as capacitors, insulators, and conductive inks. Additionally, innovation in bioproducts extraction processes and modification of native and HTC materials is being expanded through the implementation of novel environmentally responsible methodologies. Results have demonstrated that certain biomasses exhibit promising characteristics in the remediation of emerging contaminants (even in their unprocessed state), electrical applications, agricultural utilizations, and other potential sectors. Some biomasses, particularly those derived from exotic fruits, have demonstrated efficacy in multiple application domains. Future research endeavors will include the construction of prototype devices and formulations based on the most promising HTC materials to assess their viability in real-world operational scenarios. In conclusion, modifications of native and HTC biomass materials can serve as reliable and efficacious alternatives to conventional materials across a broad spectrum of industries, thereby facilitating the transition toward an environmentally sustainable circular economic model.