Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021

Huai Zhang; Xiao Dong Zhou; Michael D. Shapiro; Gregory Y.H. Lip; Herbert Tilg; Luca Valenti; Virend K. Somers; Christopher D. Byrne; Giovanni Targher; Wah Yang; Octavio Viveiros; Christopher Kenneth Opio; Christos S. Mantzoros; John D. Ryan; Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok; Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev; Nilanka Perera; Andrew Gerard Robertson; Adam Abu-Abeid; Anoop Misra; Yu Jun Wong; Elena Ruiz-Úcar; Oral Ospanov; Mehmet Celal Kızılkaya; Fei Luo; Nahum Méndez-Sánchez; Mauricio Zuluaga; Amedeo Lonardo; Hazem Al Momani; Carlos Jesus Toro-Huamanchumo; Leon Adams; Said A. Al-Busafi; Ala I. Sharara; Wah Kheong Chan; Syed Imran Abbas; Silvia Sookoian; Sombat Treeprasertsuk; Ponsiano Ocama; Khalid Alswat; Alice Pik Shan Kong; Karim Ataya; Michelle Ching Lim-Loo; Rodolfo J. Oviedo; Olivia Szepietowski; Yasser Fouad; Huijie Zhang; Tamer N. Abdelbaki; Christos S. Katsouras; Arun Prasad; Omar Thaher; Arshad Ali; Gabriel Alejandro Molina; Ki Chul Sung; Qin Fen Chen; Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana; Ming Hua Zheng

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999

Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021

Huai Zhang
, Xiao Dong Zhou
, Michael D. Shapiro
, Gregory Y.H. Lip
, Herbert Tilg
, Luca Valenti
, Virend K. Somers
, Christopher D. Byrne
, Giovanni Targher
, Wah Yang
, Octavio Viveiros
, Christopher Kenneth Opio
, Christos S. Mantzoros
, John D. Ryan
, Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok
, Nozim Adxamovich Jumaev
, Nilanka Perera
, Andrew Gerard Robertson
, Adam Abu-Abeid
, Anoop Misra

Yu Jun Wong, Elena Ruiz-Úcar, Oral Ospanov, Mehmet Celal Kızılkaya, Fei Luo, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Mauricio Zuluaga, Amedeo Lonardo, Hazem Al Momani, Carlos Jesus Toro-Huamanchumo, Leon Adams, Said A. Al-Busafi, Ala I. Sharara, Wah Kheong Chan, Syed Imran Abbas, Silvia Sookoian, Sombat Treeprasertsuk, Ponsiano Ocama, Khalid Alswat, Alice Pik Shan Kong, Karim Ataya, Michelle Ching Lim-Loo, Rodolfo J. Oviedo, Olivia Szepietowski, Yasser Fouad, Huijie Zhang, Tamer N. Abdelbaki, Christos S. Katsouras, Arun Prasad, Omar Thaher, Arshad Ali, Gabriel Alejandro Molina, Ki Chul Sung, Qin Fen Chen, Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya Lesmana, Ming Hua Zheng^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Medicina

The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University
Wake Forest University
University of Liverpool
University of Aalborg
Innsbruck Medical University
Universita degli Studi di Milano
Critical Care and Emergency‚ Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
University of Verona
IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria
The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University
Hospital Lusiadas Amadora
Aga Khan University
Harvard University
Beaumont Hospital
Universiti Brunei Darussalam
Tashkent State Medical University
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation and Diabetes Foundation
Changi General Hospital
Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School
Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada
Astana Medical University
Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar Universitesi
Central South University
Fundación Clínica Médica Sur
Universidad Del Valle
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
Royal NMC Hospital
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
OBEMET Center for Obesity and Metabolic Health
Edith Cowan University
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
University of Western Australia
Sultan Qaboos University
American University of Beirut
Universiti Malaya
Iranian Hospital Dubai
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
Universidad Maimónides
Chulalongkorn University
Makerere University
King Saud University
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
University of Montreal
Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center
Nacogdoches Medical Center
Ashford and St Peter's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Minia University
Southern Medical University
Faculty of Medicine
University of Ioannina
Apollo Hospitals Group
Ruhr University Bochum
Fatimah Hospital
Kangbuk Samsung Hospital
University of Indonesia
Medistra Hospital
Mochtar Riyadi Comprehensive Cancer Center (MRCCC) Siloam Semanggi Hospital
Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

261 Scopus citations

Abstract

Background: Common metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), have become a global health burden in the last three decades. The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) data enables the first insights into the trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional, temporal and differences by sex. Methods: Global estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were analyzed for common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and annual percentage change (APC) between 1990 and 2021 were estimated for trend analyses. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals (UI). Results: In 2021, among five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the greatest burden (226 million [95 % UI: 190–259] DALYs), whilst T2DM (75 million [95 % UI: 63–90] DALYs) conferred much greater disability than MASLD (3.67 million [95 % UI: 2.90–4.61]). The highest absolute burden continues to be found in the most populous countries of the world, particularly India, China, and the United States, whilst the highest relative burden was mostly concentrated in Oceania Island states. The burden of these metabolic diseases has continued to increase over the past three decades but has varied in the rate of increase (1.6-fold to 3-fold increase). The burden of T2DM (0.42 % [95 % UI: 0.34–0.51]) and obesity (0.26 % [95 % UI: 0.17–0.34]) has increased at an accelerated rate, while the rate of increase for the burden of hypertension (−0.30 % [95 % UI: −0.34 to −0.25]) and hypercholesterolemia (−0.33 % [95 % UI: −0.37 to −0.30]) is slowing. There is no significant change in MASLD over time (0.05 % [95 % UI: −0.06 to 0.17]). Conclusion: In the 21st century, common metabolic diseases are presenting a significant global health challenge. There is a concerning surge in DALYs and mortality associated with these conditions, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated global health initiative to stem the tide of these debilitating diseases and improve population health outcomes worldwide.

Original language	English
Article number	155999
Journal	Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
Volume	160
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999
State	Published - Nov 2024

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

Keywords

Global Burden of Disease
Metabolic diseases
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Obesity

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10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999

Cite this

Zhang, H., Zhou, X. D., Shapiro, M. D., Lip, G. Y. H., Tilg, H., Valenti, L., Somers, V. K., Byrne, C. D., Targher, G., Yang, W., Viveiros, O., Opio, C. K., Mantzoros, C. S., Ryan, J. D., Kok, K. Y. Y., Jumaev, N. A., Perera, N., Robertson, A. G., Abu-Abeid, A., ... Zheng, M. H. (2024). Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 160, Article 155999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999

@article{12e32d2af3c1470dab6fc441d9be15c0,

title = "Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021",

abstract = "Background: Common metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), have become a global health burden in the last three decades. The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) data enables the first insights into the trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional, temporal and differences by sex. Methods: Global estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were analyzed for common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and annual percentage change (APC) between 1990 and 2021 were estimated for trend analyses. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals (UI). Results: In 2021, among five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the greatest burden (226 million [95 \% UI: 190–259] DALYs), whilst T2DM (75 million [95 \% UI: 63–90] DALYs) conferred much greater disability than MASLD (3.67 million [95 \% UI: 2.90–4.61]). The highest absolute burden continues to be found in the most populous countries of the world, particularly India, China, and the United States, whilst the highest relative burden was mostly concentrated in Oceania Island states. The burden of these metabolic diseases has continued to increase over the past three decades but has varied in the rate of increase (1.6-fold to 3-fold increase). The burden of T2DM (0.42 \% [95 \% UI: 0.34–0.51]) and obesity (0.26 \% [95 \% UI: 0.17–0.34]) has increased at an accelerated rate, while the rate of increase for the burden of hypertension (−0.30 \% [95 \% UI: −0.34 to −0.25]) and hypercholesterolemia (−0.33 \% [95 \% UI: −0.37 to −0.30]) is slowing. There is no significant change in MASLD over time (0.05 \% [95 \% UI: −0.06 to 0.17]). Conclusion: In the 21st century, common metabolic diseases are presenting a significant global health challenge. There is a concerning surge in DALYs and mortality associated with these conditions, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated global health initiative to stem the tide of these debilitating diseases and improve population health outcomes worldwide.",

keywords = "Global Burden of Disease, Metabolic diseases, Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, Obesity",

author = "Huai Zhang and Zhou, \{Xiao Dong\} and Shapiro, \{Michael D.\} and Lip, \{Gregory Y.H.\} and Herbert Tilg and Luca Valenti and Somers, \{Virend K.\} and Byrne, \{Christopher D.\} and Giovanni Targher and Wah Yang and Octavio Viveiros and Opio, \{Christopher Kenneth\} and Mantzoros, \{Christos S.\} and Ryan, \{John D.\} and Kok, \{Kenneth Yuh Yen\} and Jumaev, \{Nozim Adxamovich\} and Nilanka Perera and Robertson, \{Andrew Gerard\} and Adam Abu-Abeid and Anoop Misra and Wong, \{Yu Jun\} and Elena Ruiz-{\'U}car and Oral Ospanov and Kızılkaya, \{Mehmet Celal\} and Fei Luo and Nahum M{\'e}ndez-S{\'a}nchez and Mauricio Zuluaga and Amedeo Lonardo and \{Al Momani\}, Hazem and Toro-Huamanchumo, \{Carlos Jesus\} and Leon Adams and Al-Busafi, \{Said A.\} and Sharara, \{Ala I.\} and Chan, \{Wah Kheong\} and Abbas, \{Syed Imran\} and Silvia Sookoian and Sombat Treeprasertsuk and Ponsiano Ocama and Khalid Alswat and Kong, \{Alice Pik Shan\} and Karim Ataya and Lim-Loo, \{Michelle Ching\} and Oviedo, \{Rodolfo J.\} and Olivia Szepietowski and Yasser Fouad and Huijie Zhang and Abdelbaki, \{Tamer N.\} and Katsouras, \{Christos S.\} and Arun Prasad and Omar Thaher and Arshad Ali and Molina, \{Gabriel Alejandro\} and Sung, \{Ki Chul\} and Chen, \{Qin Fen\} and Lesmana, \{Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya\} and Zheng, \{Ming Hua\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 Elsevier Inc.",

year = "2024",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999",

language = "Ingl{\'e}s",

volume = "160",

journal = "Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental",

issn = "0026-0495",

publisher = "W.B. Saunders",

}

Zhang, H, Zhou, XD, Shapiro, MD, Lip, GYH, Tilg, H, Valenti, L, Somers, VK, Byrne, CD, Targher, G, Yang, W, Viveiros, O, Opio, CK, Mantzoros, CS, Ryan, JD, Kok, KYY, Jumaev, NA, Perera, N, Robertson, AG, Abu-Abeid, A, Misra, A, Wong, YJ, Ruiz-Úcar, E, Ospanov, O, Kızılkaya, MC, Luo, F, Méndez-Sánchez, N, Zuluaga, M, Lonardo, A, Al Momani, H, Toro-Huamanchumo, CJ, Adams, L, Al-Busafi, SA, Sharara, AI, Chan, WK, Abbas, SI, Sookoian, S, Treeprasertsuk, S, Ocama, P, Alswat, K, Kong, APS, Ataya, K, Lim-Loo, MC, Oviedo, RJ, Szepietowski, O, Fouad, Y, Zhang, H, Abdelbaki, TN, Katsouras, CS, Prasad, A, Thaher, O, Ali, A, Molina, GA, Sung, KC, Chen, QF, Lesmana, CRA & Zheng, MH 2024, 'Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021', Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 160, 155999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999

TY - JOUR

T1 - Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021

AU - Zhang, Huai

AU - Zhou, Xiao Dong

AU - Shapiro, Michael D.

AU - Lip, Gregory Y.H.

AU - Tilg, Herbert

AU - Valenti, Luca

AU - Somers, Virend K.

AU - Byrne, Christopher D.

AU - Targher, Giovanni

AU - Yang, Wah

AU - Viveiros, Octavio

AU - Opio, Christopher Kenneth

AU - Mantzoros, Christos S.

AU - Ryan, John D.

AU - Kok, Kenneth Yuh Yen

AU - Jumaev, Nozim Adxamovich

AU - Perera, Nilanka

AU - Robertson, Andrew Gerard

AU - Abu-Abeid, Adam

AU - Misra, Anoop

AU - Wong, Yu Jun

AU - Ruiz-Úcar, Elena

AU - Ospanov, Oral

AU - Kızılkaya, Mehmet Celal

AU - Luo, Fei

AU - Méndez-Sánchez, Nahum

AU - Zuluaga, Mauricio

AU - Lonardo, Amedeo

AU - Al Momani, Hazem

AU - Toro-Huamanchumo, Carlos Jesus

AU - Adams, Leon

AU - Al-Busafi, Said A.

AU - Sharara, Ala I.

AU - Chan, Wah Kheong

AU - Abbas, Syed Imran

AU - Sookoian, Silvia

AU - Treeprasertsuk, Sombat

AU - Ocama, Ponsiano

AU - Alswat, Khalid

AU - Kong, Alice Pik Shan

AU - Ataya, Karim

AU - Lim-Loo, Michelle Ching

AU - Oviedo, Rodolfo J.

AU - Szepietowski, Olivia

AU - Fouad, Yasser

AU - Zhang, Huijie

AU - Abdelbaki, Tamer N.

AU - Katsouras, Christos S.

AU - Prasad, Arun

AU - Thaher, Omar

AU - Ali, Arshad

AU - Molina, Gabriel Alejandro

AU - Sung, Ki Chul

AU - Chen, Qin Fen

AU - Lesmana, Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya

AU - Zheng, Ming Hua

PY - 2024/11

Y1 - 2024/11

N2 - Background: Common metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), have become a global health burden in the last three decades. The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) data enables the first insights into the trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional, temporal and differences by sex. Methods: Global estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were analyzed for common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and annual percentage change (APC) between 1990 and 2021 were estimated for trend analyses. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals (UI). Results: In 2021, among five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the greatest burden (226 million [95 % UI: 190–259] DALYs), whilst T2DM (75 million [95 % UI: 63–90] DALYs) conferred much greater disability than MASLD (3.67 million [95 % UI: 2.90–4.61]). The highest absolute burden continues to be found in the most populous countries of the world, particularly India, China, and the United States, whilst the highest relative burden was mostly concentrated in Oceania Island states. The burden of these metabolic diseases has continued to increase over the past three decades but has varied in the rate of increase (1.6-fold to 3-fold increase). The burden of T2DM (0.42 % [95 % UI: 0.34–0.51]) and obesity (0.26 % [95 % UI: 0.17–0.34]) has increased at an accelerated rate, while the rate of increase for the burden of hypertension (−0.30 % [95 % UI: −0.34 to −0.25]) and hypercholesterolemia (−0.33 % [95 % UI: −0.37 to −0.30]) is slowing. There is no significant change in MASLD over time (0.05 % [95 % UI: −0.06 to 0.17]). Conclusion: In the 21st century, common metabolic diseases are presenting a significant global health challenge. There is a concerning surge in DALYs and mortality associated with these conditions, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated global health initiative to stem the tide of these debilitating diseases and improve population health outcomes worldwide.

AB - Background: Common metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), have become a global health burden in the last three decades. The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) data enables the first insights into the trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional, temporal and differences by sex. Methods: Global estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were analyzed for common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and annual percentage change (APC) between 1990 and 2021 were estimated for trend analyses. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals (UI). Results: In 2021, among five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the greatest burden (226 million [95 % UI: 190–259] DALYs), whilst T2DM (75 million [95 % UI: 63–90] DALYs) conferred much greater disability than MASLD (3.67 million [95 % UI: 2.90–4.61]). The highest absolute burden continues to be found in the most populous countries of the world, particularly India, China, and the United States, whilst the highest relative burden was mostly concentrated in Oceania Island states. The burden of these metabolic diseases has continued to increase over the past three decades but has varied in the rate of increase (1.6-fold to 3-fold increase). The burden of T2DM (0.42 % [95 % UI: 0.34–0.51]) and obesity (0.26 % [95 % UI: 0.17–0.34]) has increased at an accelerated rate, while the rate of increase for the burden of hypertension (−0.30 % [95 % UI: −0.34 to −0.25]) and hypercholesterolemia (−0.33 % [95 % UI: −0.37 to −0.30]) is slowing. There is no significant change in MASLD over time (0.05 % [95 % UI: −0.06 to 0.17]). Conclusion: In the 21st century, common metabolic diseases are presenting a significant global health challenge. There is a concerning surge in DALYs and mortality associated with these conditions, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated global health initiative to stem the tide of these debilitating diseases and improve population health outcomes worldwide.

KW - Global Burden of Disease

KW - Metabolic diseases

KW - Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

KW - Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

KW - Obesity

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85201690774

U2 - 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999

DO - 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999

M3 - Artículo

C2 - 39151887

AN - SCOPUS:85201690774

SN - 0026-0495

VL - 160

JO - Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental

JF - Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental

M1 - 155999

ER -

Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021

Abstract

UN SDGs

Keywords

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