Impacts of macroplastic and microplastic on the biology and ecology of marine megafauna

Marine megafauna, including marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds, and certain fish species, play crucial roles in maintaining marine ecosystem health. These species serve as important proxies for evaluating ecological health, given their sensitivity to environmental changes and public profile; however, the pervasive issue of plastic pollution poses significant threats to these animals. Plastics can be ingested or entangle marine species, and cause sublethal injuries, disease, and mortality, leading to severe consequences at broader ecological levels. Species such as sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds are particularly vulnerable due to their diet and migratory behaviors. Addressing this crisis requires stringent management strategies and international policies to minimize plastic exposure and interaction with marine megafauna. Effective enforcement of these measures is essential to safeguard animals and marine biodiversity.