Environmental lead contamination and pediatric lead intoxication in an Andean Ecuadorian village

Environmental lead (Pb) contamination was measured in samples of soil and locally grown food produce in a remote Ecuadorian village where Pb glazing of ceramics is the local cottage industry. The Pb concentration levels of local soil samples collected at varying distances from a cluster of backyard Pb baking kilns were 29,213 ppm (μg/g) at 0.001 km, 172 ppm at 0.005 km, 81 ppm at 0.01 km, 55 ppm at 1 km, 19 ppm at 2 km, and 1.4 ppm at 6 km, significantly higher than levels in control soil samples from non-Pb-glazing reference areas. Samples of locally grown food produce were also found to be Pb contaminated. Venous blood samples from 166 school-children (ages 4 months to 15 years) in the study area and 56 children in the reference area showed mean blood lead levels of 40.0 μg/dl (SD: 24.5; range: 6.2. - 119.1 μg/dL) and 6.6 μg/dL (SD: 3.4; range: 1.9- 18.1 μg/dL), respectively, which were significantly different (p = 0.0001). The Pb levels in milk from breastfeeding mothers ranged from 1.44 to 39 ng/g. Lead isotope ratios of the children's blood and of samples of village soil revealed a common Pb source or 'fingerprint'.