Resumen
Objectives: The 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF) is a widely used instrument for the assessment of self-compassion. To date, there have been few examinations of this instrument’s psychometric properties, particularly across nations and languages. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey (BINS) to assess measurement invariance of the SCS–SF across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Methods: Participants (N = 56,968) from 65 nations completed the SCS–SF in 40 languages. Using these data, we tested various hypothesised models of the SCS–SF in the total sample and, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, tested for invariance of the optimal model across national groups, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Results: In the total dataset, we found that an 11-item, 2-factor model (i.e., SCS-11) provided best fit to the data, with the two factors tapping distinct constructs of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. The SCS-11 was found to be partially scalar invariant across national groups and languages, and fully scalar invariant across gender identities and age groups. There was wide variation in latent means for the two factors, particularly across national groups and languages. Further analyses showed negligible associations between the two factors and sociodemographic variables, including marital status, financial security, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it may be possible to derive a stable 2-factor model of the SCS–SF for use in cross-cultural research, but also highlight the likelihood of cross-national and cross-linguistic variations in the way that self-compassion is understood.
| Idioma original | Inglés |
|---|---|
| Publicación | Mindfulness |
| DOI | |
| Estado | Aceptada/en prensa - 2025 |
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En: Mindfulness, 2025.
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Self-Compassion Around the World
T2 - Measurement Invariance of the Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF) Across 65 Nations, 40 Languages, Gender Identities, and Age Groups
AU - Swami, Viren
AU - Tran, Ulrich S.
AU - Voracek, Martin
AU - Aavik, Toivo
AU - Ranjbar, Hamed Abdollahpour
AU - Adebayo, Sulaiman Olanrewaju
AU - Afhami, Reza
AU - Ahmed, Oli
AU - Aimé, Annie
AU - Akel, Marwan
AU - Al Halbusi, Hussam
AU - Alexias, George
AU - Ali, Khawla F.
AU - Alp-Dal, Nursel
AU - Alsalhani, Anas B.
AU - Álvarez-Solas, Sara
AU - Amaral, Ana Carolina Soares
AU - Andrianto, Sonny
AU - Aspden, Trefor
AU - Argyrides, Marios
AU - Aruta, John Jamir Benzon R.
AU - Atkin, Stephen
AU - Ayandele, Olusola
AU - Baceviciene, Migle
AU - Bahbouh, Radvan
AU - Ballesio, Andrea
AU - Barron, David
AU - Bellard, Ashleigh
AU - Bender, Sóley Sesselja
AU - Beydaǧ, Kerime Derya
AU - Birovljević, Gorana
AU - Blackburn, Marie Ève
AU - Borja-Alvarez, Teresita
AU - Borowiec, Joanna
AU - Bozogáňová, Miroslava
AU - Bratland-Sanda, Solfrid
AU - Browning, Matthew H.E.M.
AU - Brytek-Matera, Anna
AU - Burakova, Marina
AU - Çakır-Koçak, Yeliz
AU - Camacho, Pablo
AU - Camilleri, Vittorio Emanuele
AU - Cazzato, Valentina
AU - Cerea, Silvia
AU - Chaiwutikornwanich, Apitchaya
AU - Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin
AU - Chambers, Tim
AU - Chen, Qing Wei
AU - Chen, Xin
AU - Chien, Chin Lung
AU - Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit
AU - Choompunuch, Bovornpot
AU - Compte, Emilio J.
AU - Corrigan, Jennifer
AU - Cosmas, Getrude
AU - Cowden, Richard G.
AU - Czepczor-Bernat, Kamila
AU - Czub, Marcin
AU - da Silva, Wanderson Roberto
AU - Dadfar, Mahboubeh
AU - Dalley, Simon E.
AU - Dany, Lionel
AU - Datu, Jesus Alfonso D.
AU - de Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Berbert
AU - de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins
AU - De Jesus, Avila Odia S.
AU - Debbabi, Sonia Harzallah
AU - Dhakal, Sandesh
AU - Di Bernardo, Francesca
AU - Dimitrova, Donka D.
AU - Dion, Jacinthe
AU - Dixson, Barnaby
AU - Donofrio, Stacey M.
AU - Drysch, Marius
AU - Du, Hongfei
AU - Dzhambov, Angel M.
AU - El-Jor, Claire
AU - Enea, Violeta
AU - Eskin, Mehmet
AU - Farbod, Farinaz
AU - Farrugia, Lorleen
AU - Fian, Leonie
AU - Fisher, Maryanne L.
AU - Folwarczny, Michał
AU - Frederick, David A.
AU - Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, Matthew
AU - Furnham, Adrian
AU - García, Antonio Alías
AU - Geller, Shulamit
AU - Ghisi, Marta
AU - Ghorbani, Alireza
AU - Martinez, Maria Angeles Gomez
AU - Gradidge, Sarah
AU - Graf, Sylvie
AU - Grano, Caterina
AU - Gyene, Gyöngyvér
AU - Hallit, Souheil
AU - Hamdan, Motasem
AU - Handelzalts, Jonathan E.
AU - Hanel, Paul H.P.
AU - Hawks, Steven R.
AU - Hekmati, Issa
AU - Helmy, Mai
AU - Hill, Tetiana
AU - Hina, Farah
AU - Holenweger, Geraldine
AU - Hřebíčková, Martina
AU - Ijabadeniyi, Olasupo Augustine
AU - Imam, Asma
AU - İnce, Başak
AU - Irrazabal, Natalia
AU - Jankauskiene, Rasa
AU - Jiang, Ding Yu
AU - Jiménez-Borja, Micaela
AU - Jiménez-Borja, Verónica
AU - Johnson, Evan M.
AU - Jovanović, Veljko
AU - Jović, Marija
AU - Jović, Marko
AU - Junqueira, Alessandra Costa Pereira
AU - Kahle, Lisa Marie
AU - Kantanista, Adam
AU - Karakiraz, Ahmet
AU - Karkin, Ayşe Nur
AU - Kasten, Erich
AU - Khatib, Salam
AU - Khieowan, Nuannut
AU - Kimong, Patricia Joseph
AU - Kiropoulos, Litza
AU - Knittel, Joshua
AU - Kohli, Neena
AU - Koprivnik, Mirjam
AU - Kospakov, Aituar
AU - Król-Zielińska, Magdalena
AU - Krug, Isabel
AU - Kuan, Garry
AU - Kueh, Yee Cheng
AU - Kujan, Omar
AU - Kukić, Miljana
AU - Kumar, Sanjay
AU - Kumar, Vipul
AU - Lamba, Nishtha
AU - Lauri, Mary Anne
AU - Laus, Maria Fernanda
AU - LeBlanc, Liza April
AU - Lee, Hyejoo J.
AU - Lipowska, Małgorzata
AU - Lipowski, Mariusz
AU - Lombardo, Caterina
AU - Lukács, Andrea
AU - Maïano, Christophe
AU - Malik, Sadia
AU - Manjary, Mandar
AU - Baldó, Lidia Márquez
AU - Martinez-Banfi, Martha
AU - Massar, Karlijn
AU - Matera, Camilla
AU - McAnirlin, Olivia
AU - Mebarak, Moisés
AU - Mechri, Anwar
AU - Meireles, Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras
AU - Mesko, Norbert
AU - Mills, Jacqueline
AU - Miyairi, Maya
AU - Modi, Ritu
AU - Modrzejewska, Adriana
AU - Modrzejewska, Justyna
AU - Mulgrew, Kate E.
AU - Myers, Taryn A.
AU - Namatame, Hikari
AU - Nassani, Mohammad Zakaria
AU - Nerini, Amanda
AU - Neto, Félix
AU - Neto, Joana
AU - Neves, Angela Noguiera
AU - Ng, Siu Kuen
AU - Nithiya, Devi
AU - O, Jiaqing
AU - Obeid, Sahar
AU - Oda-Montecinos, Camila
AU - Olapegba, Peter Olamakinde
AU - Olonisakin, Tosin Tunrayo
AU - Omar, Salma Samir
AU - Örlygsdóttir, Brynja
AU - Özsoy, Emrah
AU - Otterbring, Tobias
AU - Pahl, Sabine
AU - Panasiti, Maria Serena
AU - Park, Yonguk
AU - Patwary, Muhammad Mainuddin
AU - Pethö, Tatiana
AU - Petrova, Nadezhda
AU - Pietschnig, Jakob
AU - Pourmahmoud, Sadaf
AU - Prabhu, Vishnunarayan Girishan
AU - Poštuvan, Vita
AU - Prokop, Pavol
AU - Winter, Virginia L.Ramseyer
AU - Razmus, Magdalena
AU - Ru, Taotao
AU - Rupar, Mirjana
AU - Sahlan, Reza N.
AU - Hassan, Mohammad Salah
AU - Šalov, Anđela
AU - Sapkota, Saphal
AU - Sarfo, Jacob Owusu
AU - Sawamiya, Yoko
AU - Schaefer, Katrin
AU - Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael
AU - Seekis, Veya
AU - Selvi, Kerim
AU - Sharifi, Mehdi
AU - Shrivastava, Anita
AU - Siddique, Rumana Ferdousi
AU - Sigurdsson, Valdimar
AU - Silkane, Vineta
AU - Šimunić, Ana
AU - Singh, Govind
AU - Slezáčková, Alena
AU - Sundgot-Borgen, Christine
AU - Hoor, Gill Ten
AU - Tevichapong, Passagorn
AU - Tipandjan, Arun
AU - Todd, Jennifer
AU - Togas, Constantinos
AU - Tonini, Fernando
AU - Tovar-Castro, Juan Camilo
AU - Trangsrud, Lise Katrine Jepsen
AU - Tripathi, Pankaj
AU - Tudorel, Otilia
AU - Tylka, Tracy L.
AU - Uyzbayeva, Anar
AU - Vally, Zahir
AU - Vanags, Edmunds
AU - Vega, Luis Diego
AU - Vicente-Arruebarrena, Aitor
AU - Vidal-Mollón, Jose
AU - Vilar, Roosevelt
AU - Villegas, Hyxia
AU - Vintilă, Mona
AU - Wallner, Christoph
AU - White, Mathew P.
AU - Whitebridge, Simon
AU - Windhager, Sonja
AU - Wong, Kah Yan
AU - Yau, Eric Kenson
AU - Yamamiya, Yuko
AU - Yeung, Victoria Wai Lan
AU - Zanetti, Marcelo Callegari
AU - Zawisza, Magdalena
AU - Zeeni, Nadine
AU - Zvaríková, Martina
AU - Stieger, Stefan
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025.
PY - 2025
Y1 - 2025
N2 - Objectives: The 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF) is a widely used instrument for the assessment of self-compassion. To date, there have been few examinations of this instrument’s psychometric properties, particularly across nations and languages. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey (BINS) to assess measurement invariance of the SCS–SF across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Methods: Participants (N = 56,968) from 65 nations completed the SCS–SF in 40 languages. Using these data, we tested various hypothesised models of the SCS–SF in the total sample and, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, tested for invariance of the optimal model across national groups, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Results: In the total dataset, we found that an 11-item, 2-factor model (i.e., SCS-11) provided best fit to the data, with the two factors tapping distinct constructs of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. The SCS-11 was found to be partially scalar invariant across national groups and languages, and fully scalar invariant across gender identities and age groups. There was wide variation in latent means for the two factors, particularly across national groups and languages. Further analyses showed negligible associations between the two factors and sociodemographic variables, including marital status, financial security, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it may be possible to derive a stable 2-factor model of the SCS–SF for use in cross-cultural research, but also highlight the likelihood of cross-national and cross-linguistic variations in the way that self-compassion is understood.
AB - Objectives: The 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF) is a widely used instrument for the assessment of self-compassion. To date, there have been few examinations of this instrument’s psychometric properties, particularly across nations and languages. Therefore, we used data from the Body Image in Nature Survey (BINS) to assess measurement invariance of the SCS–SF across nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Methods: Participants (N = 56,968) from 65 nations completed the SCS–SF in 40 languages. Using these data, we tested various hypothesised models of the SCS–SF in the total sample and, using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, tested for invariance of the optimal model across national groups, languages, gender identities, and age groups. Results: In the total dataset, we found that an 11-item, 2-factor model (i.e., SCS-11) provided best fit to the data, with the two factors tapping distinct constructs of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. The SCS-11 was found to be partially scalar invariant across national groups and languages, and fully scalar invariant across gender identities and age groups. There was wide variation in latent means for the two factors, particularly across national groups and languages. Further analyses showed negligible associations between the two factors and sociodemographic variables, including marital status, financial security, and urbanicity. Conclusions: Our results suggest that it may be possible to derive a stable 2-factor model of the SCS–SF for use in cross-cultural research, but also highlight the likelihood of cross-national and cross-linguistic variations in the way that self-compassion is understood.
KW - Cross-cultural
KW - Measurement invariance
KW - Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (MG-CFA)
KW - Self-Compassion Scale
KW - Short Form
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105003258157&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s12671-025-02560-5
DO - 10.1007/s12671-025-02560-5
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:105003258157
SN - 1868-8527
JO - Mindfulness
JF - Mindfulness
ER -