Transactional-institutional fit: Corporate governance of R&D investment in different institutional contexts

Management research has a rich history devoted to understanding how different types of equity holders facilitate effective governance of investment in research and development (R&D). But scant research exists on understanding how different types of debt effectively govern R&D investment and virtually no research exists on this topic across institutional contexts. Yet, similar types of transactions differ across institutional contexts. This study develops and tests a transactional-institutional fit view of debt governance of R&D investment, grounded in transaction cost economics, which examines the alignment or fit between bank loan debt, bond debt, and R&D investment in bank-based and market-based countries. Analyses of 7943 firms across 12 countries from 1997-2010 support the key proposition: in bank-based (market-based) countries, higher levels of bank loan debt coupled with higher levels of R&D investment increase (decrease) firm performance.