We all deserve to live in a clean environment: undernutrition and pollution in Ecuador

Environmental pollution is a significant public health concern in Ecuador, contributing to approximately 24% of deaths, which are often linked to both non-communicable diseases (NCDs), as well as communicable diseases. Health issues such as undernutrition and anemia are also associated with environmental factors. The burden of environmental disease is particularly pronounced in Ecuador, a lower-middle income country (LMIC), due to greater exposure to environmental risks and limited healthcare access. Vulnerable groups, especially young children and the elderly, are more susceptible to the adverse health impacts of environmental pollution. Key environmental risks in Ecuador include indoor air pollution, mainly from biomass combustion for cooking and heating, disproportionately affects rural populations, leading to respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases among children and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among women. Soil contamination from heavy metals due to mining, oil production, and agricultural practices exacerbates food insecurity and public health risks. Additionally, water pollution from domestic sewage and industrial discharge results in severe health issues, including diarrheal diseases which increases the risk of chronic undernutrition. In Ecuador, stunting and anemia are widespread, particularly among indigenous populations in rural highlands. Despite various public health programs, undernutrition rates remain high, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach to address these issues. Poor water quality and indoor pollution further exacerbate health problems, with significant portions of the population lacking access to clean water and adequate sanitation and hygiene. Addressing environmental pollution in Ecuador requires a holistic approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. It is crucial for Ecuadorian policymakers to incorporate environmental determinants into public health strategies. International cooperation and multisectoral efforts are essential to mitigate the health impacts of environmental pollution, particularly in vulnerable populations. Robust policies and collaborative actions can help alleviate the social and economic burdens imposed by environmental health challenges in Ecuador.